tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33088172656676170942024-02-21T11:00:06.188+00:00Dinosaur CSIBrowse these pages to learn more about the work that Prof. Phil Manning and his colleagues undertake at the University of Manchester. This blog is written and updated by Phil Manning (STFC Leadership Fellow in Public Engagement).
The images on this blog can be used by educators for talks, classroom and new media projects.
You can also follow Phil on Twitter @DrPhilManningPhil Manninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01197174641837429061noreply@blogger.comBlogger203125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3308817265667617094.post-86632260691841901852018-11-22T15:21:00.002+00:002018-11-22T15:21:36.830+00:00I Zinc that this is no laughing matter....but still a splendid read!<div class="panel-pane pane-node-title" style="font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px;">
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X-rays show how periods of stress changed an ice age hyena to the bone</h2>
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Researchers mapped trace elements within Pleistocene fossils to learn about the life of a long-extinct subspecies of spotted hyena.</div>
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By Ali Sundermier</div>
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A few hundred thousand years ago during Earth’s most recent ice age, a beefy subspecies of spotted hyena that was more than double the weight of its modern relative roamed Eurasia’s snow-glazed terrain. Until their extinction about 11,000 years ago, these animals, now known as cave hyenas, would drag their prey into dens and devour them with bone-crushing jaws.</div>
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An international team that includes researchers from the Department of Energy’s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory has now unearthed what life might have been like for these hulking creatures. They found that despite their massive size, some cave hyenas experienced times of hardship that affected them to the bone, causing areas of arrested growth that appear as dark lines, like rings on a tree trunk.</div>
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The research, led by Children’s Museum of Indianapolis paleontologist Jennifer Anné and published in the<span style="font-style: italic; line-height: 1.6 !important;"> <a href="https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2018/ja/c8ja00314a#!divAbstract" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #8c1515; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6 !important; text-decoration: none;">J</a><a href="https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2018/ja/c8ja00314a#!divAbstract" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #8c1515; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6 !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">ournal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry</a></span>, is part of a larger effort that uses SLAC’s <a href="https://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/content/" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #8c1515; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6 !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource</a> (SSRL) to map low-concentration, or trace, elements within bone, teasing out biological information about long-extinct animals.</div>
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“This work, which offers new insight into the delicate chemical ballet within bone, could allow us to refine our understanding of environmental impact on vertebrates from the past and predict what will happen in the future,” says Phil Manning, professor of natural history at the University<a href="https://www.manchester.ac.uk/" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #8c1515; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6 !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"> </a>of Manchester in the U.K. who is both co-author and head of the lab that undertook this research.</div>
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A life history in bone</h3>
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In order to hold onto life-sustaining chemical elements, the body incorporates them into its skeleton, making sure they aren’t leached away during everyday processes. Since bones are constantly changing, studying them gives researchers an opportunity to learn the life history of an animal from when it was first developing to what happened right before it died.</div>
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“Your bone can take half the periodic table in its structure,” Anné says. “That's one of the big purposes of having a skeleton: it's an important storage and release area for a number of elements you're going to use throughout your life. In our research, we try to find out what all the trace elements in bone can tell you about an organism.”</div>
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In her research, Anné examines scraps of bone that other researchers often throw away, which provides larger sample sizes and more freedom with how she can use them. The hyena, she says, came up as a random sample and morphed into something a bit bigger than she expected.</div>
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Ice age boneyard</h3>
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At SSRL, the researchers used a technique called X-ray fluorescence, shining X-rays onto cave hyena bone samples to knock the innermost electrons out of the materials’ atoms. When outer electrons jump down to take their place, the atoms radiate fluorescent light. Since every chemical element has its own signature wavelength of light, this technique allowed the researchers to map the distribution of elements in the bone. A similar technique done at the Diamond Light Source in the U.K. allowed them to better determine the concentration of each element.</div>
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<a href="https://www6.slac.stanford.edu/file/ssrl-cave-hyena" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #8c1515; font-family: "Source Sans Pro" !important; font-size: 18px !important; line-height: 1.6 !important; text-decoration: none;">SSRL cave hyena</a></h2>
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Researchers used X-rays from SLAC's Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource to map the distribution and concentration of elements in cave hyena fossils, which provided them with hints of what life used to be like for these long-extinct creatures. (Phil Manning/University of Manchester)</div>
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The bone fragments of the particular cave hyena featured in this paper, dated 40,000 years old, were found among a boneyard of different ice age fossils in a cave in England. The researchers also used bones from today’s spotted hyenas as analogs to make sure what they were seeing was in line with the modern organism and not something that leaked into the fossil from its external environment.</div>
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Nothing to laugh about</h3>
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One of the elements the researchers were able to map was zinc, which is closely tied to bone growth. Cyclic bone growth patterns in fossils were already known to paleontologists, often observed as alternating zones of slow- and fast-growing bone. These zones allow researchers to reconstruct age, growth, diet and other lifestyle factors of extinct animals.</div>
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When an animal has a constant supply of nutrients and minerals, bone growth steadily pushes outward, creating porous, zinc-rich zones. But when an animal’s metabolism slows, perhaps due to periods of stress or starvation, so does bone growth, creating dense strips, or bone <span style="font-size: 13.008px; line-height: 1.6 !important;">“</span>rest<span style="font-size: 13.008px; line-height: 1.6 !important;">”</span> lines. Paleontologists believe these lines correspond to factors like alternating seasons and reproductive cycles.</div>
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When the researchers mapped the zinc distribution and concentration in this particular hyena, they noticed thin lines that looked almost like pencil tracings, signifying areas of arrested growth. Modern hyena bones and cave hyena fossils from different sites and time periods did not show these lines, suggesting that this hyena experienced stresses that the others did not.</div>
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“An animal that's dealing with ice age conditions might experience some really good times and some really rough times,” says Nick Edwards, a SLAC scientist who is co-author and part of the research team. “We’re not sure yet what the stressors are, but these lines at least show how the animal was dealing with them.”</div>
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Connecting long-gone species</h3>
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To follow up on this research, Anné hopes to apply what she’s learned to different tissue types in different species, both modern and extinct, to reach a better understanding of bone and what it can tell researchers about an organism. A recent upgrade to the SSRL beamline used in this research will allow the team to improve their images, measuring the whole spectrum of trace elements at higher resolution and zooming in on interesting areas without even having to move the sample.</div>
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The current study is part of a series of research papers from the team that use the SLAC-based technique. One looked at fossils of a <a href="http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/11/96/20140277" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #8c1515; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6 !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">150 million-year-old dinosaur</a> called an <span style="font-style: italic; line-height: 1.6 !important;">Allosaurus</span> and another looked at a <a href="https://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleHtml/2016/MT/c5mt00311c" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #8c1515; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6 !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">19 million-year-old manatee</a>.</div>
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“Together these papers show what trace elements can reveal about ancient species throughout a span of more than 100 million years,” says Uwe Bergmann, a distinguished SLAC scientist at SLAC and co-author on the research. “We hope what we’ve learned will allow us to push even further back in time into the lives of other extinct animals.”</div>
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SSRL is a DOE Office of Science user facility. This work was supported by the Natural Environment Research Council; the Royal Society; the Jurassic Foundation; and the University of Manchester Dean's Award Fund.</div>
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<strong style="line-height: 1.6 !important;">Citation:</strong> Anné et al.,<span style="font-style: italic; line-height: 1.6 !important;"> Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry</span>, 11 October 2018 (<a href="https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2018/ja/c8ja00314a#!divAbstract" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #8c1515; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6 !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">10.1039/c8ja00314a</a>)</div>
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For questions or comments, contact the SLAC Office of Communications at <a href="mailto:communications@slac.stanford.edu" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #8c1515; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6 !important; text-decoration: none;">communications@slac.stanford.edu</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-style: italic; line-height: 1.6 !important;">SLAC is a multi-program laboratory exploring frontier questions in photon science, astrophysics, particle physics and accelerator research. Located in Menlo Park, Calif., SLAC is operated by Stanford University for the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science.</span></div>
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<span style="font-style: italic; line-height: 1.6 !important;">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory is supported by the </span><strong style="line-height: 1.6 !important;"><span style="font-style: italic; line-height: 1.6 !important;"><a href="http://science.energy.gov/" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #8c1515; line-height: 1.6 !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Office of Science</a></span></strong><span style="font-style: italic; line-height: 1.6 !important;"> of the U.S. Department of Energy. The Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States, and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time.</span></div>
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Phil Manninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01197174641837429061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3308817265667617094.post-43898790300737185602017-10-05T15:40:00.004+01:002017-10-05T15:40:50.183+01:00A lighter side to Carbon!<div class="Text">
<span class="Heading1Char"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Illuminating the composition of carbon-based ancient materials<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Heading1Char"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br />
</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Carbon can
take various forms depending on the function of the molecule in which it is placed,
each with its own distinct ‘species’. The ‘speciation’ of carbonaceous
materials is generally obtained by methods requiring destructive sampling or through
surface analysis methods such as optical Raman spectrometry, infrared
microscopy or X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The last technique is
routinely available at synchrotron facilities, however a limitation remains in
the use of the XAS method for many carbonaceous compounds: the strong
interaction of these soft X-rays at the carbon absorption edge imposes severe
limitations on the sample and its environment. In particular, its application is
limited for complex, heterogeneous, fragile and/or rare samples, such as heritage
objects or paleontological specimens, as these systems might have contaminated
surfaces and cannot be put in a vacuum environment. <br />
<br />
<span class="Heading1Char">An unexpected application of X-ray Raman scattering<br />
</span>An international team of researchers from France (Paris–Saclay, Sorbonne
Universités, and Grenoble), Manchester in the United Kingdom and the United
States (Stanford, Columbia, and Charleston) have adapted X-ray Raman scattering
(XRS) to these systems. This method, which has been previously applied to study
the structure of carbon speciation related to fossil fuels, utilizes more
penetrating harder (higher energy) X-rays. In XRS, a small fraction of the
X-ray energy is transferred to the electrons by inelastic scattering, yielding
a detectable signal to diagnose compositional chemistry of a sample. Therefore,
it is possible to carry out measurements similar to that achievable with XAS
but at an energy more than 20 times higher. This makes it possible to work at
ambient conditions and with bulk probe depth avoiding many of the limitations
of the conventional soft X-ray methods like XAS. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
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<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="Text">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br />
<span class="Heading1Char">Characterizing historical and ancient materials<br />
</span>The results are published in the journal <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Analytical Chemistry</i> and involve three international synchrotron facilities:
SOLEIL, where experiments were carried out on the GALAXIES beamline, as well as
the ESRF in France and the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource in the US,
where preliminary studies were performed. The scientists conducted the work during
the invited visit of one of the team members, Uwe Bergmann, to IPANEMA (Paris-Saclay),
funded by Fondation des Sciences du Patrimoine and SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory. The team demonstrated the use of XRS for the study of artistic
samples (carbon-based pigments), archaeological, and paleontological samples
(fossils). This research shows how XRS successfully provides a new way to image
ancient worlds. The pivotal role that carbon plays in life can now be further
scrutinized using the extreme bright X-rays from modern synchrotron light
sources.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<br />
<span class="Heading1Char">Publication reference:<br />
</span>Pierre Gueriau, Jean-Pascal Rueff, Sylvain Bernard, Josiane A. Kaddissy,
Sarah Goler, Christoph J. Sahle, Dimosthenis Sokaras, Roy A. Wogelius, Phillip
L. Manning, Uwe Bergmann & Loïc Bertrand, Noninvasive synchrotron-based
X-Ray Raman scattering discriminates carbonaceous compounds in ancient and
historical materials, Analytical Chemistry, 2017. doi : 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02202<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Phil Manninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01197174641837429061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3308817265667617094.post-77775630248615724142017-07-29T05:58:00.000+01:002017-07-29T05:59:25.406+01:00Tyrannosaurus rex couldn’t run says new research<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><i>T. rex</i> could not run due to its size and weight<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><i>T. rex</i> was unable to pursue prey at high speeds<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Even walking speed was limited due its impact on the skeleton<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">This changes the way we have to think about the way <i>T. rex </i>behaved<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">It is a classic <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rxqHVoZ0fzc">chase scene</a> in modern
cinematic history. The image of a rampant <i>Tyrannosaurus rex</i> (<i>T. rex</i>) chasing
Jeff Goldblum as he sits injured in the back of a 4x4 vehicle in Stephen
Spielberg’s original Jurassic Park. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">But could a <i>T. rex</i> actually move that fast,
or even run at all? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">New research from the University of
Manchester says the sheer size and weight of <i>T. rex </i>means it couldn’t move at
high speed, as its leg-bones would have buckled under its own weight load.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">The research, in collaboration with the N8
High Performance Computer (NPC) research partnership, looks extensively into
the gait and biomechanics of the world’s most famous Dinosaur and, using the
latest in high performance computing technology, has created a new simulation
model to test its findings. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Led by Prof William Sellers from the School
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, the researchers have combined two separate
biomechanical techniques, known as multibody dynamic analysis (MBDA) and
skeletal stress analysis (SSA), into one simulation model, creating a new more
accurate one.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Prof Sellers says the results demonstrate any
running gaits for <i>T. rex</i> would probably lead to ‘unacceptably high skeletal
loads’. Meaning, in layman’s terms, any running would simply break the
dinosaur’s legs. This contradicts the running speeds predicted by previous biomechanical
models which can suggest anything up to 45mph.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">He explains: ‘the running ability of T. rex
and other similarly giant dinosaurs has been intensely debated amongst
palaeontologist for decades. However, different studies using differing
methodologies have produced a very wide range of top speed estimates and we say
there is a need to develop techniques that can improve these predictions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">‘Here we present a new approach that
combines two separate biomechanical techniques to demonstrate that true running
gaits would probably lead to unacceptably high skeletal loads in <i>T. rex.’</i></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><i><br /></i></span>
<span lang="EN-GB"><i></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwcNAnzgqtykPX1AtQ5B5iulUHeQlylwbWWLQn36U_sv4gF5mLm1xdbw1N0ZaqroEoRa2fHLwXGLyuoUrNJp7i7zYFUnE4i5nLQCrgaVhiHfUFHaAtmFAfnf6sFdcJbrx0kkJ7wA2K3pJy/s1600/rex+thin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="757" data-original-width="1501" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwcNAnzgqtykPX1AtQ5B5iulUHeQlylwbWWLQn36U_sv4gF5mLm1xdbw1N0ZaqroEoRa2fHLwXGLyuoUrNJp7i7zYFUnE4i5nLQCrgaVhiHfUFHaAtmFAfnf6sFdcJbrx0kkJ7wA2K3pJy/s640/rex+thin.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">The results also mean that the <i>T. rex
</i>couldn’t pursue its prey in a high-speed chase as previously thought. He added:
‘Being limited to walking speeds contradicts arguments of high-speed pursuit
predation for the largest bipedal dinosaurs like T. rex and demonstrates the
power of Multiphysics approaches for locomotor reconstructions of extinct
animals.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Although the
research focuses on the <i>T. rex</i>, the findings also means running at high speeds were
probably highly unlikely for other large two-legged dinosaurs such as, <i>Giganotosaurus</i>,
<i>Mapusaurus</i>, and <i>Acrocanthosaurus</i>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Dr Sellers adds: ‘<i>Tyrannosaurus
rex</i> is one of the largest bipedal animals to have ever evolved and walked the
earth. So it represents a useful model for understanding the biomechanics of
other similar animals. Therefore, these finding may well translate to other
long-limbed giants so but this idea should be tested alongside experimental
validation work on other bipedal species.’ </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">This isn’t the first time MBDA and SSA have
been used to measure the walking and running ability of dinosaurs. However, it
is the first time they have been used together to literally create a more
accurate picture.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb0Yusl_Sy5ew5JQj2mz0mKR4Sd5x0Pjm-XJGFv9BwaC_vmR7t8aIc2BkWhakCaxKz1rEjSAsZkig-gudOmyNW1_5fbSngBUtGNvTtZPMTHZjYvc4eJkTrCVUCMkjNIY3hyYeiGPyBXhGU/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-07-28+at+9.58.31+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1190" data-original-width="1158" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb0Yusl_Sy5ew5JQj2mz0mKR4Sd5x0Pjm-XJGFv9BwaC_vmR7t8aIc2BkWhakCaxKz1rEjSAsZkig-gudOmyNW1_5fbSngBUtGNvTtZPMTHZjYvc4eJkTrCVUCMkjNIY3hyYeiGPyBXhGU/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-07-28+at+9.58.31+PM.png" width="622" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Dr Sellers explains: ‘Our previous
simulations of theropod bipedal running did not directly consider the skeletal
loading but these new simulations do calculate all the forces in the limb bones
and these can be used directly to estimate the bone loading on impact.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<span lang="EN-GB">The fact that <i>T.
rex </i>was restricted to walking also supports arguments of a less athletic
lifestyle. This means the results could change the way we view the effects of
how the size and shape of <i>T. rex</i> and other large bipedal dinosaurs alters as
they grow. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Previous studies have
suggested the torso became longer and heavier whereas the limbs became
proportionately shorter and lighter as T. rex grew. These changes would mean
that the running abilities of <i>T. rex</i> would also change as the animal grew with
adults likely to be less agile than younger individuals.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
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<!--EndFragment--><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<span lang="EN-GB">But Dr Sellers
says these new findings show this probably wasn’t the case and we should apply
this new model even wider: ‘It would be very valuable not only to investigate the
gait of other species, but also apply our multiphysics approach to different
growth stages within that species.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<span lang="EN-GB">You can download this paper for FREE from PeerJ, click this <a href="https://peerj.com/articles/3420/" target="_blank">LINK</a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
Phil Manninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01197174641837429061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3308817265667617094.post-82963321716319532932016-11-11T17:57:00.002+00:002016-11-11T17:57:47.713+00:00When is a fossil a fossil...
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The most common form of fossilization produces remains that
clearly record the biomineralised skeletons of prehistoric animals, the “hard
parts” of these creatures, since the soft tissues usually decay and
disintegrate soon after death. Dinosaur bones and teeth are such biomineralised
skeletal features, as are the shells of molluscs, the external skeletons
(exoskeletons) of insects, and the carapaces of crabs, to name only a few
examples. Even biomineralised hard parts can be fragile and subject to decay or
mechanical breakdown when they are small in size, which is why we are not up to
our necks in fossils. The thin and often hollow bones of flying vertebrates
such as pterosaurs, birds, and bats are notoriously fragile since they are
built so lightly, and they are therefore comparatively scarce in the fossil
record. Small mammals likewise have tiny bones that are easily fractured or
otherwise broken down and lost to time. The only remains of many species,
especially mammals, is often only their teeth. As with many animals, teeth are
the hardest parts of their bodies and therefore the most resistant to
post-mortem destruction. Many individual animals, especially the early record
of mammals and some entire groups, are known only through finds of their
fossilized teeth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To extend our understanding of creatures known only through
fossil hard parts, we use comparisons with modern life forms that appear to be
structurally similar. This is the science of comparative anatomy, and it has
been successfully applied by biologists and palaeontologists for centuries. We
can also bracket extinct species with living species that are related to
ancestral and descendant members of the extinct group, this is known as the
extant phylogenetic bracket (EPB) and was developed by Larry Witmer (Ohio
University, USA). In many cases we find additional evidence, such as the scars
of muscle attachment on fossil dinosaur bones, which show that the EPB data
appear to be appropriate. Combining such evidence and EPB with a liberal
application of comparative anatomy, we can build an understanding of the
complete prehistoric animal, as it was with its soft tissues intact. While
evidence supports certain aspects of such extrapolation, in other respects this
work is necessarily speculative. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fossilisation is a rare phenomenon that occurs only to a
tiny fraction of a community’s population at any given place and period, but in
most cases, no trace is left behind.. Nonetheless, if we consider the
fossilization of skeletal elements as the standard, then the fossilization of
soft-tissue structures is much rarer still. When these unique discoveries are
made, this type of fossilisation literally “fleshes out” our understanding of
the fossil record in many crucial ways. Even a single example of soft-tissue
preservation can be of tremendous value in the interpretation of fossil animal
types. These discoveries are of such special interest that it is worth
reviewing some of the classic examples of this phenomenon. In each case,
special circumstances prevented the ordinary loss of soft tissues. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It is clear that some organic remains of life have been
altered to a point that it is difficult to identify them as being a specific
organism, however their organic origin is not brought into question. Once such
group of organic compounds are hydrocarbons. A suite of economically important
‘minerals’ that have been altered so far, but still retain vestiges of organic
compounds that reveals their origin. The body fossils (bone, shell, etc.) of
dinosaurs and other vertebrates have both recognizable organic chemistry and
morphology, they have not been processed to the point that they may be
considered ‘products’ from the original organism. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fossils are indeed partially composed of chemistry that
directly links them to the organisms from which the fossils remains came. They
really cannot be considered minerals (a solid naturally occurring inorganic
substance), but are truly ‘geobiological’ composites of both inorganic and
organic molecules that were constructed through biological and post-burial
processes that preserve the fossil through deep time. The alteration that
occurs to the biological tissue through subsequent mineralisation rarely
overprints the organic composition of an organism completely. Our team at the College of Charleston, University of Manchester and also at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation
Lightsource (Stanford University, USA) have been chemically mapping fossils
using multiple imaging techniques to elucidate these geobiological composites
we commonly know as fossils.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The carbon cycle is remarkably efficient at recycling
organic material, but under certain preservational circumstances, some of the
chemical building blocks of an organism make it through this taphonomic filter.
In exceptionally preserved fossils, it is possible that remnants of structural
proteins and associated organic molecules survive and can be mapped to help
resolve original biological structures. The potential for new techniques to
compositionally or spatially resolve such ‘chemical fossils’ is being realized with the recognition of elemental and organic residues
that once comprised living tissue.
Until the advent of techniques sensitive enough to resolve trace amounts of
organic compounds and organically bound elements, it was difficult to untangle potential
material transfer from microbes, geochemical fluids and the contamination from
sampling/conservation techniques applied to a sample. However, the advent of
synchrotron-based imaging and infrared spectroscopy has revolutionized sample
analysis, enabling high-resolution scans that
spatially resolve reaction aureoles, precipitates, etc. The suite of <i>de
novo</i> techniques available to paleontology is completely changing our
understanding of what constitutes a ‘fossil’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Phil Manninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01197174641837429061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3308817265667617094.post-30309880417471986842016-10-29T01:21:00.010+01:002016-12-07T23:55:14.757+00:00Imaging Life on Earth...<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho8WfNYgW9WdC8qrwvI2V_g7mRYSRDPnY6R3mHDd2zUwglApiIP4dnCylsTl-NSmbriMbS8UtHnno7EbaaVjWUBYltbUuxyJ7XATGXQSaU_Nt_AT1MK6CkCoYYUgB-QjKFETNIv51q4V3A/s1600/_MG_9688-Edit-Edit-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho8WfNYgW9WdC8qrwvI2V_g7mRYSRDPnY6R3mHDd2zUwglApiIP4dnCylsTl-NSmbriMbS8UtHnno7EbaaVjWUBYltbUuxyJ7XATGXQSaU_Nt_AT1MK6CkCoYYUgB-QjKFETNIv51q4V3A/s640/_MG_9688-Edit-Edit-2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Archaeopteryx</i> from the Late Jurassic of Southern Germany.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Since the dawn of time, our species has recorded images of
life on Earth. Whether it be the beautiful cave paintings that captured our
world over 17,000 years ago to the brush-strokes of Rembrandt, they share our
species desire to capture the world around us. The origin and evolution of our
own species has been preceded by billions of years of evolution that is
complemented by a rich and diverse record of life on this planet. While there
were no artists to record on canvas this rich tapestry of life through time,
rare circumstances arose that would preserve the remains of life as fossils.
Most have considered fossil remains as mere echoes of their former biological
selves, but some fossil do preserve astoundingly high fidelity structures of
both hard (e.g. bone, shell) and soft tissues (e.g. feathers, skin).<br />
<br />
Fossils provide us with the evidence that narrates the story of decent with
modification that is the evolution of life on Earth. Unravelling genomes and
reconstructing molecular phylogenies can now precisely measure the evolutionary
distance between organisms in the tapestry of extant species. The DNA that
defines life is a fragile molecule, unable to resist even the gentlest ravages
of geological time. The molecule of life is recovered from rare samples no
older than 1 million years old, and then only in exceptional circumstances. The
proteome might be the next logical focus, as proteins are more robust and might
leave tantalizing evidence for the very building blocks of life. Here the
frustration is also evident to those who study such ancient molecules, as
anything older than 10 million years is rare. Is there another way that we can
unpick the biological codec concealed within fossil remains?<br />
<br />
However, the fossil remains that litter deep time are not so easy to
characterize, but have the potential to constrain much of what we know record
about the evolution of life on Earth.<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
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The very atoms that construct biological materials can and
do survive deep time, this is evident by the breakdown products of organic
remains that drive our hydrocarbon-based economy. There is good reason that
hydrocarbons are often termed ‘fossil fuel’. It is therefore strange that there
is such amazement at the survival of organic remains within discrete biological
structures, otherwise known as fossils. Recent work has shown there
are biomarkers that can be identified, mapped and quantified in both extant and
extinct organisms (plants and animals). Such biomarkers are powerful tools when
unlocking the puzzle of organismal biology, physiology and the very
biosynthetic pathways that built, regulated and drove the evolution of life.
The advent of synchrotron-based imaging techniques are now allowing us to piece
together the complex relationships between trace-metals, rare earth elements
that help study tissue types that comprise life, both past and present. The
fragile paradigm that fossils merely represent shadows of past life is now
being challenged, not with the promise of DNA or intact proteins, but from
the fundamental building blocks of everything, elements. The chemistry of
life is now helping reveal hitherto unseen 'chemical ghosts' by
shining some of the brightest light in the universe upon fossils.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"></span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2tO_YEhi5VJHgYxJps_RsWXkPNWBUNlAfcT2jamK9VeE_87hjHxLHjGjEAoCwmjBv588AuhS2nVeCJeY6yY6vEaSuzZday2HcQeHkh_82ujmE8OmF2-h4EM873jYqso3e2i_G9tKGMD8A/s1600/Archaeo+joined1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2tO_YEhi5VJHgYxJps_RsWXkPNWBUNlAfcT2jamK9VeE_87hjHxLHjGjEAoCwmjBv588AuhS2nVeCJeY6yY6vEaSuzZday2HcQeHkh_82ujmE8OmF2-h4EM873jYqso3e2i_G9tKGMD8A/s640/Archaeo+joined1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Synchrotron-Rapid Scanning X-Ray Fluorescence Map of <i>Archaeopteryx</i> scanned at beam line 6-2 at SSRL</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Fossils are indeed partially composed of chemistry that
directly links them to the organisms from which the fossils remains came. They
really cannot be considered minerals (a solid naturally occurring inorganic
substance), but are truly ‘geobiological’ composites of both inorganic and
organic molecules that were constructed through biological and post-burial
processes that preserve the fossil through deep time. The alteration that
occurs to the biological tissue through subsequent mineralization rarely
overprints the organic composition of an organism completely. Our team at the
College of Charleston, University of Manchester and also at the Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (Stanford University, USA) have been
chemically mapping fossils (above) using multiple imaging techniques to
elucidate these geobiological composites we commonly know as fossils.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5Vdfy719rqPPnVG_81vUW4mdhBM2COqRgDFOoeROOgb1MNI9UrH-qoH3l5sOsthUv51-odPkAgBNSKrCz8qrKDjSmIGnVmYDsJGF9mlirlfQESLAkIqjLSaT1gk4Q5mbXkz59twkA8Cbz/s1600/Archaeo+Solhofen+Quarry.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5Vdfy719rqPPnVG_81vUW4mdhBM2COqRgDFOoeROOgb1MNI9UrH-qoH3l5sOsthUv51-odPkAgBNSKrCz8qrKDjSmIGnVmYDsJGF9mlirlfQESLAkIqjLSaT1gk4Q5mbXkz59twkA8Cbz/s640/Archaeo+Solhofen+Quarry.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
Phil Manninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01197174641837429061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3308817265667617094.post-64201081743814609062016-10-29T01:21:00.008+01:002016-10-29T01:32:45.891+01:00Imaging Life on Earth...<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho8WfNYgW9WdC8qrwvI2V_g7mRYSRDPnY6R3mHDd2zUwglApiIP4dnCylsTl-NSmbriMbS8UtHnno7EbaaVjWUBYltbUuxyJ7XATGXQSaU_Nt_AT1MK6CkCoYYUgB-QjKFETNIv51q4V3A/s1600/_MG_9688-Edit-Edit-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho8WfNYgW9WdC8qrwvI2V_g7mRYSRDPnY6R3mHDd2zUwglApiIP4dnCylsTl-NSmbriMbS8UtHnno7EbaaVjWUBYltbUuxyJ7XATGXQSaU_Nt_AT1MK6CkCoYYUgB-QjKFETNIv51q4V3A/s640/_MG_9688-Edit-Edit-2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Archaeopteryx</i> from the Late Jurassic of Southern Germany.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Since the dawn of time, our species has recorded images of
life on Earth. Whether it be the beautiful cave paintings that captured our
world over 17,000 years ago to the brush-strokes of Rembrandt, they share our
species desire to capture the world around us. The origin and evolution of our
own species has been preceded by billions of years of evolution that is
complemented by a rich and diverse record of life on this planet. While there
were no artists to record on canvas this rich tapestry of life through time,
rare circumstances arose that would preserve the remains of life as fossils.
Most have considered fossil remains as mere echoes of their former biological
selves, but some fossil do preserve astoundingly high fidelity structures of
both hard (e.g. bone, shell) and soft tissues (e.g. feathers, skin).<br />
<br />
Fossils provide us with the evidence that narrates the story of decent with
modification that is the evolution of life on Earth. Unravelling genomes and
reconstructing molecular phylogenies can now precisely measure the evolutionary
distance between organisms in the tapestry of extant species. The DNA that
defines life is a fragile molecule, unable to resist even the gentlest ravages
of geological time. The molecule of life is recovered from rare samples no
older than 1 million years old, and then only in exceptional circumstances. The
proteome might be the next logical focus, as proteins are more robust and might
leave tantalizing evidence for the very building blocks of life. Here the
frustration is also evident to those who study such ancient molecules, as
anything older than 10 million years is rare. Is there another way that we can
unpick the biological codec concealed within fossil remains?<br />
<br />
However, the fossil remains that litter deep time are not so easy to
characterize, but have the potential to constrain much of what we know record
about the evolution of life on Earth.<br />
<br /></div>
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The very atoms that construct biological materials can and
do survive deep time, this is evident by the breakdown products of organic
remains that drive our hydrocarbon-based economy. There is good reason that
hydrocarbons are often termed ‘fossil fuel’. It is therefore strange that there
is such amazement at the survival of organic remains within discrete biological
structures, otherwise known as fossils. Recent work has shown there
are biomarkers that can be identified, mapped and quantified in both extant and
extinct organisms (plants and animals). Such biomarkers are powerful tools when
unlocking the puzzle of organismal biology, physiology and the very
biosynthetic pathways that built, regulated and drove the evolution of life.
The advent of synchrotron-based imaging techniques are now allowing us to piece
together the complex relationships between trace-metals, rare earth elements
that help study tissue types that comprise life, both past and present. The
fragile paradigm that fossils merely represent shadows of past life is now
being challenged, not with the promise of DNA or intact proteins, but from
the fundamental building blocks of everything, elements. The chemistry of
life is now helping reveal hitherto unseen 'chemical ghosts' by
shining some of the brightest light in the universe upon fossils.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Synchrotron-Rapid Scanning X-Ray Fluorescence Map of <i>Archaeopteryx</i> scanned at beam line 6-2 at SSRL</td></tr>
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<br />Fossils are indeed partially composed of chemistry that
directly links them to the organisms from which the fossils remains came. They
really cannot be considered minerals (a solid naturally occurring inorganic
substance), but are truly ‘geobiological’ composites of both inorganic and
organic molecules that were constructed through biological and post-burial
processes that preserve the fossil through deep time. The alteration that
occurs to the biological tissue through subsequent mineralization rarely
overprints the organic composition of an organism completely. Our team at the
College of Charleston, University of Manchester and also at the Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (Stanford University, USA) have been
chemically mapping fossils (above) using multiple imaging techniques to
elucidate these geobiological composites we commonly know as fossils.</div>
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<br />
The carbon cycle is remarkably efficient at recycling organic material, but
under certain preservational circumstances, some of the chemical building blocks
of an organism make it through this taphonomic (literally "burial
laws") filter. In exceptionally preserved fossils, it is possible that
remnants of structural proteins and associated organic molecules survive and
can be mapped to help resolve original biological structures. The potential for
new techniques to compositionally or spatially resolve such ‘chemical fossils’
is being realized with the recognition of elemental and organic residues that
once comprised living tissue. Until the advent of techniques sensitive enough
to resolve trace amounts of organic compounds and organically bound elements,
it was difficult to untangle potential material transfer from microbes,
geochemical fluids and the contamination from sampling and/or conservation
techniques applied to a sample. However, the advent of synchrotron-based
imaging and infrared spectroscopy has revolutionized sample analysis, enabling
high-resolution scans that spatially resolve reaction aureoles, precipitates,
etc. The suite of de novo techniques available to paleontology is
completely changing our understanding of what constitutes a ‘fossil’.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Phil Manninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01197174641837429061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3308817265667617094.post-61024567460521165112016-05-29T22:31:00.001+01:002016-05-29T22:31:17.635+01:00Letter from Charleston In January this year I hopped the Atlantic and starting working at the College of Charleston in South Carolina. Here I am working as the <a href="http://geology.cofc.edu/about/faculty-and-staff/manning-phillip.php" target="_blank">Professor of Paleontology</a> and also as the Director of the <a href="https://www.facebook.com/CofCNaturalHistoryMuseum/?fref=nf" target="_blank">College of Charleston Mace Brown Museum of Natural History.</a> I am also still keeping research going back at the University of Manchester, working with the splendid <a href="http://www.ical.manchester.ac.uk/" target="_blank">ICAL</a> team, now in the capable hands of <a href="http://www.ical.manchester.ac.uk/people/staff/profile/?ea=Roy.Wogelius" target="_blank">Prof. Roy Wogelius.</a> Those who know me will realise that I have worked at Manchester, on and off, since 1990...a long time, so many links with my old colleagues remain. My new colleagues at the College of Charleston are a splendid bunch of folks, who have already made me feel both welcomed and valued. I have continued my outreach work both in the UK and now in the USA...recently giving a talk at the <a href="https://pintofscience.co.uk/event/dead-good-digging-and-digitising-ancient-life" target="_blank">Pint of Science Festival</a> in Manchester. My outreach in the USA is focusing on local audiences in Charleston through events such as '<a href="http://dillonr.people.cofc.edu/DarwinWeek.html" target="_blank">Darwin Week</a>', but has also extended to giving talks on research-led engagement at the <a href="https://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2016/webprogram/Session12508.html" target="_blank">AAAS meeting</a> in Washington DC. Life has been a tad hectic, but splendid fun!<br />
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<br />
My wife, Dr. Victoria Egerton and I have also been made Extraordinary Visiting Scientists at the Children's Museum of Indianapolis (Indianna) where we spend weekends and much of our summer promoting science to the next generation of aspiring scientists.<br />
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I shall endeavour to start-up writing my blog again...as with museums, teaching, fieldwork and research...there is much to tell!Phil Manninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01197174641837429061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3308817265667617094.post-14100130075337702982015-12-24T22:33:00.004+00:002015-12-24T22:33:40.046+00:00Santa Claws bursts free at the College of Charleston!
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Twas the night before Christmas, when all through the 'College'</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">not a creature was stirring, not even a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7RzmPNN5OU" target="_blank">dinosaur</a>.....</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><br /></span></div>
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<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7RzmPNN5OU" target="_blank"><br /></a></span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7RzmPNN5OU" target="_blank">The stockings were hung by the chimney with care,</a></span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7RzmPNN5OU" target="_blank">in hopes that a palaeontologist soon would be there.</a></span></div>
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Phil Manninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01197174641837429061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3308817265667617094.post-77391031706194594042015-11-04T12:35:00.001+00:002015-11-04T12:35:09.510+00:00Dizzy, Dazed, Diamond and Dinosaurs<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
These past few months have been a little hectic, with a combination of fieldwork, teaching, PhD students completing, research and synchrotron time (above, Nick, Roy and Victoria contemplate a white-noise free environment). All this is splendid fun, but time has become a rare commodity to be carefully managed...when possible!<br />
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<br />
The Cheltenham Science Festival in the Summer seems to be the last time when our team had a 'break'...but even then that involved over 15,000 folks coming to talk to us about our science...this really was great fun. I only recently returned the hadrosaur borrowed from the Oxford University Museum of Natural History (above) from this event.<br />
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<br />
A highlight of the last few weeks was visiting an old student of mine, Matt Lowe, at the Cambridge University Museum of Zoology. He kindly gave some colleagues and I a brief tour of the museum stores...given I was returning a research loan...and we got to see some of the crown jewels of the collection. My favourite had to be the Galapagos finch (above) collected during the voyage of HMS Beagle...yes, one of those finches!<br />
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Our field season in Wyoming this year was spectacular. We worked in the Green River Formation of Wyoming, before heading to the Morrison Formation, again in Wyoming. There were so many beautiful fossils this year, it would be wrong of me to highlight just one...needless to say, many will be scrutinised by the searching light of both SLAC and Diamond Lightsources in the future.<br />
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<br />
While we did not exhibit at the Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition this year (above the 2014 'X-Appeal' stand from Manchester), we did take our exhibit to the <a href="http://www.diamond.ac.uk/Home/News/LatestNews/16-07-15.html" target="_blank">RAL/Diamond Open Day</a> event, that saw over 15,000 members of the public visit the event.<br />
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<br />
I get to build the Gorgosaurus again at Diamond later this week, as we have a schools event this coming Friday and another series of Open Days on Saturday and Sunday. So if you missed the Gorgo at Diamond this summer, come along this weekend!Phil Manninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01197174641837429061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3308817265667617094.post-60229483642533391552015-06-01T21:11:00.001+01:002015-06-01T21:11:46.389+01:00Yorkshire’s oldest new addition to the ‘Jurassic World’
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Our team from the University of Manchester have identified Britain’s
oldest sauropod dinosaur from a fossil bone discovered on the Yorkshire coast. The vertebra (backbone) originates from a group of dinosaurs
that includes the largest land animals to have ever walked on Earth. This new
sauropod dinosaur, from the Middle Jurassic Period at about 176 million years old,
was found near Whitby, Yorkshire, after it fell out of a cliff face. This find
represents the earliest skeletal record of this type of dinosaur from the
United Kingdom and adds to existing evidence from Yorkshire dinosaur tracks that
this part of the country was once Britain’s very own ‘Jurassic World’.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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Sauropods (often referred to as ‘brontosaurs’) include some
of the largest plant-eating dinosaurs to have roamed the Earth and were a
successful group for nearly 150 million years. They possessed distinctive long
necks and tails, small heads, a large body and walked on all fours. Some
species such as the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Argentinosaurus</i> grew
up to 115 feet (35 metres) long and possibly weighed as much as 80 tonnes. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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The fragmentary nature of the new find from Yorkshire means
it is not possible to generate a new species of dinosaur. However, this fossil
clearly belongs to this distinctive group of titanic sized animals, the
sauropods. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This dinosaur fossil is an
extremely rare find, given the Middle Jurassic rocks of the world are only
exposed in a few areas, such as China and Argentina where similar-aged dinosaur
fossils originate.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Professor Phil Manning and his team from The University of
Manchester used X-Ray Tomography to study the fossil bone, which is now held in
the collections at the Yorkshire Museum in York (UK). They present their description
of this new sauropod dinosaur in a paper published today in the Journal <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0128107&representation=PDF" target="_blank">PLOS ONE</a>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsmP0SmgLwmQS7VKPxXRg_65oF-W0FFAaPf3uyajLMQ42XCGeXfRE6vREYdgi5eyOpXhLXiyQnrl84Ae1i2S-7wurwgleG7o5nfgAKrNfhHrp7vk8sL5mEzzkABZy0_ZmKvOoxw32uGzXf/s1600/Vert.+Ant.+centrum+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsmP0SmgLwmQS7VKPxXRg_65oF-W0FFAaPf3uyajLMQ42XCGeXfRE6vREYdgi5eyOpXhLXiyQnrl84Ae1i2S-7wurwgleG7o5nfgAKrNfhHrp7vk8sL5mEzzkABZy0_ZmKvOoxw32uGzXf/s640/Vert.+Ant.+centrum+copy.jpg" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tail (caudal) vertebra of the new sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Yorkshire.</td></tr>
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Professor Manning said: “<i>Many scientists have worked on the
amazing dinosaur tracks from the Middle Jurassic rocks of Yorkshire. It was a
splendid surprise to come face-to-face with a fossil vertebra from the Jurassic
rocks of Yorkshire that was clearly from a sauropod dinosaur<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<i>“This fossil offers the earliest ‘body fossil’ evidence for
this important group of dinosaurs in the United Kingdom, but it is impossible to define a new species based upon this single bone."</i><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span>Whilst this
is clearly frustrating for the team, there is possibly more of this Jurassic
titan still to be discovered in the future and only then might it get a new
species name. Until more bones are discovered the team have simply nicknamed
Britain’s oldest sauropod dinosaur, ‘Alan’, after the finder of this
prehistoric beastie (Alan Gurr).</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9-0MloMYnz2eq0cGvoCiwiRcO_8GKV19ntnnWn7rhfO5qu4Ik2XTwnliefTrAQogl7-6z_AjnjRN-CwYwlDdW6PA9Bzs_BgBp99Tlv8BDQlPS6MjMTLkiVMZ_Ah7zkJpFVsMKoIGRGoLD/s1600/Sauropod+%2527Alan%2527+file+low+res.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="472" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9-0MloMYnz2eq0cGvoCiwiRcO_8GKV19ntnnWn7rhfO5qu4Ik2XTwnliefTrAQogl7-6z_AjnjRN-CwYwlDdW6PA9Bzs_BgBp99Tlv8BDQlPS6MjMTLkiVMZ_Ah7zkJpFVsMKoIGRGoLD/s640/Sauropod+%2527Alan%2527+file+low+res.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Reconstruction of 'Alan' the Middle Jurassic Yorkshire sauropod (image by Jason Poole)</td></tr>
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Dr Victoria Egerton (co-author on the paper) added: “<i>The
Jurassic Park that was once Yorkshire clearly has much more to offer science in
our understanding of the distribution and evolution of dinosaurs.”</i><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Dr Mike Romano, another co-author on the paper said: “<i>Dinosaur
remains of Middle Jurassic age are generally rare, even on a global
scale. So, to find a single distinctive vertebra of that age on the beach
at Whitby, and one that represents a new taxon of sauropod dinosaurs, is indeed
a (white) feather in the cap for Yorkshire.”</i></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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Professor Manning and Dr Egerton will be talking this week
at the <a href="http://www.cheltenhamfestivals.com/science/science-in-the-square/dinozone/" target="_blank">Times Cheltenham Science Festival.</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Jane Furze, Director of the Festival, said: “<i>At Cheltenham Science
Festival we strive to showcase ground-breaking research and introduce audiences
to some of the world’s greatest thinkers. The Manchester team clearly is one
such pioneering group who has transformed much of what we thought we knew about
dinosaurs. This latest discovery will further advance this field and we’re
honoured to have the new Sauropod ‘unearthed’ at the Cheltenham Science
Festival, which has become a hub for cutting-edge news.”</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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The vertebra will be on show at the <a href="http://www.yorkshiremuseum.org.uk/" target="_blank">Yorkshire Museum</a> from
Monday June 8. For more information visit <a href="http://www.yorkshiremuseum.org.uk/">www.yorkshiremuseum.org.uk</a><o:p></o:p></div>
Phil Manninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01197174641837429061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3308817265667617094.post-89775145250036911352015-03-28T21:58:00.000+00:002015-03-28T21:58:26.558+00:00Newfoundland to Alaska....and back again!The past few weeks have been a little hectic....this is possibly the biggest understatement of my career. I started a few weeks ago by flying from Manchester to Newark and then headed straight-up to Newfoundland. This was my first stop on my Distinguished Lecturer tour for the American Museum of Natural History (AAPG) who kindly asked that I spread the work on our work at the University of Manchester. Since that first stop I have worked my way across North America giving a series of lectures in St. Johns, Idaho, Anchorage, Calgary, Billings, Kansas City, Casper, and New York. The last stop at the Wyoming Geological Society in Casper (Wyoming) also allowed me time to visit the splendid <a href="http://www.caspercollege.edu/tate/" target="_blank">Tate Museum</a>. An amazing place, with an inspirational team of staff and volunteers who are geographically located in an epicentre of paleontological wealth. As the staff and volunteers gave me the tour of their labs and exhibitions, my jaw continuously dropped in amazement...from one stunning fossil to another, from an articulated <i>T. rex</i> to a 50 million year old turtle that looked like it was only just buried yesterday.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOc5TDQ4RgH_3XVBlmLHRoz7QqK-hatVc9ripuEaCryFW8kWu1RjXxC0omCo9Xvx_e5FSNuvnrgCX19np18HicnyBjLlMu9XHIVeeUgAYZgUjMwlF8dT7Vnr1mWl5NqsCtKdx1-Nrgef-S/s1600/IMG_1409.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOc5TDQ4RgH_3XVBlmLHRoz7QqK-hatVc9ripuEaCryFW8kWu1RjXxC0omCo9Xvx_e5FSNuvnrgCX19np18HicnyBjLlMu9XHIVeeUgAYZgUjMwlF8dT7Vnr1mWl5NqsCtKdx1-Nrgef-S/s1600/IMG_1409.JPG" height="640" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.caspercollege.edu/directory/cavigelli_jean_pierre.html" target="_blank">Jean-Pierre (JP) Cavigelli </a>gently sheds light on the dorsal series of their most lickable T. rex...in its plaster sarcophagus!</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
I also had the pleasure of meeting with a fellow rock-hound, <a href="http://www.caspercollege.edu/directory/sundell_kent.html" target="_blank">Dr. Kent Sundell</a>...a most splendid chap who has an encyclopaedic knowledge of the beasties that once lived in what is now the White River Badlands (some 30-40 million years old). Seeing some of the most amazing fossils of the gorgeous artiodactyl <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merycoidodontoidea" target="_blank">oreodonts</a> and not to mention their art nemesis <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinictis" target="_blank">Dinictis</a>, </i>a splendid day was had ogling at their delicate fossil remains. I have to admit, that talking to folks like Kent, remind me of why I became a palaeontologist....the fossils are simply beautiful and tell us amazing stories of lost worlds and forgotten lives.<br />
<br />
In a few days I have to hop back on a plane that will whisk me back to Blighty. After lecturing over the Easter weekend at the <a href="https://edinburghfestival.list.co.uk/event/464472-how-to-build-a-dinosaur/" target="_blank">Edinburgh Science Festival</a>, I will then be helping my Manchester colleagues take 70 undergraduates to sample the delights of South Devon (UK) on our one week-long field-camp. Sadly, no <i>Dinictis</i> or <i>T. rex</i> in <a href="http://www.seaes.manchester.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/fieldwork/fieldworkinsouthdevon/" target="_blank">South Devon</a>, but there will be the delights of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquay_Limestone" target="_blank">Torquey Limestone</a>!Phil Manninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01197174641837429061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3308817265667617094.post-34235296581855944722015-01-19T16:51:00.003+00:002015-01-19T16:51:55.063+00:00Jurassic Park IV on the horizon....<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 200%;">Sadly, the breakdown of DNA from a dead organism, over long periods of time, leaves the original molecules separated into multiple short sections. These remnant sections may number only a few hundred base pairs
out of hundreds of millions in the original sequence, and the remnant sections
themselves may feature damage of various kinds. To recover a fragmentary DNA
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This matter of short sequences versus a complete genome is a primary separation
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Another division between <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jurassic Park’s</i> scenario and reality is
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DNA studies were launched in 1984, when Berkeley researchers collected DNA from
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thousand years, such as extinct moas (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">D</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;">inornis robustus and Dinornis
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">When an organism shuffles off its coil, its
DNA is subject to breakdown due to the nuclease enzymes naturally occurring
within the cells, and the end result of this process if completed would be the
complete reduction of DNA to mononucleotides, the links from which the chain
was made. At that point all the DNA information would be destroyed. However,
several factors can slow-down nuclease activity and DNA breakdown: cold
temperatures, rapid drying, and salt are primary conserving influences. However, even under optimal conditions, DNA continues to break down through
oxidation and other chemical processes, until finally its identity is erased or
so blurred that it could have originated from a Blue Whale (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Balaenotera musculus</i>) or my brother (<i>Stevenus manningii</i>)!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">So, once again we will creep toward a summer of speculation as folks claim to have dinosaur DNA in their impeccably preserved samples....but for me, if the movie sparks an interest in science for another generation, it has done a splendid job!</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Phil Manninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01197174641837429061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3308817265667617094.post-54530155511579050722014-12-17T01:52:00.002+00:002014-12-17T01:52:47.463+00:00I see dead things....The white noise of the <a href="http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/" target="_blank">Stanford synchrotron</a> has started to lullaby me to sleep....this helped by the metronomic back and forth of the sample stage, like some high-tech macabre hypnotist act performing to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borg_%28Star_Trek%29" target="_blank">Borg</a>. The first 6 days of beam time were straight forward, but this should have been 10 ten days of scanning prior to this point. Alas, one of the beam lines on which we were meant to work had a slight 'leak' of radiation...so we were unable to give our fossil samples an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_X-ray_absorption_fine_structure" target="_blank">EXAFS</a> bath that they all required...this will now have to wait till Spring 2015. Today we switched from the 'hard' 13.5 KeV x-rays to to the softer 3.15 KeV....this to gently tease a sulfur signal from our samples and tweak energies between the multiple oxidation states via <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XANES" target="_blank">XANES</a> of this splendidly useful element within organic molecules. This lighter side of our elemental analyses is cloaked in an atmosphere of helium, adding to the degree of complexity that consists the sample stage. All told, we are sleep deprived...light deprived...but very happy with the steady stream of data from the XRF rapid scanning stage.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ1ExEjrIsPALdZfHCAnplU9grjBBvSXcZFLcSg-vZxcS395hketGgSbdc89Q17IdPWlrVDfY45ZpXR_rCZwm8sr9Q8CgsL_kNSwqNzAuoxmIkozAwKbdA4ho-hXcxEPrk3zh0EZ1evIkV/s1600/IMG_1718.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ1ExEjrIsPALdZfHCAnplU9grjBBvSXcZFLcSg-vZxcS395hketGgSbdc89Q17IdPWlrVDfY45ZpXR_rCZwm8sr9Q8CgsL_kNSwqNzAuoxmIkozAwKbdA4ho-hXcxEPrk3zh0EZ1evIkV/s1600/IMG_1718.JPG" height="480" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />Phil Manninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01197174641837429061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3308817265667617094.post-42186207410475039852014-11-21T18:14:00.002+00:002014-12-21T16:41:59.341+00:00Dinosaurs, sculptures, field jackets, museums and PhD's....This has been one of those weeks that simply evaporated. I touched down in Newark last Saturday and it is suddenly Friday....there seems to have been a rip in the space-time continuum that has seemingly navigated me through several museums collections, an animal menagerie and a PhD committee meeting at the University of Pennsylvania. I am once again back at the American Museum of Natural History (New York) sat in the prep lab, being serenaded by the gentle hum of pneumatic pens as millions of years of sediment is gently teased from stunning dinosaur bones...all the way from Mongolia. At the far end of the prep lab sits a vast field jacket....fruits of our Summer labours in Montana. It was delivered last week (see image below) and the collections curator (Carl Mehling) was called by the delivery bay folks and told, "Your sculpture has arrived".... The 2575 pound field jacket is the largest to enter the AMNH in a few years...its secrets will soon be unlocked by the splendidly skilled preparators who work within these hallowed halls. My time in New York is nearly done, until the next visit, off to the airport again....<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Prehistoric 'sculpture' arriving arrives at the AMNH!</td></tr>
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<br />Phil Manninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01197174641837429061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3308817265667617094.post-70404665483887910572014-11-10T23:41:00.000+00:002014-11-10T23:41:14.834+00:00A Giant among Mammoths...My team and I have been lucky enough to visit the <a href="http://mammothsite.com/" target="_blank">Mammoth Site in Hot Springs</a>, South Dakota these past few field seasons. This is a one of the natural wonders of the prehistoric world. The site provides a remarkable glimpse into South Dakota's past, some 26,000 years ago. A vast sink hole became the untimely grave for many Ice Age beasties that took too close a look into the steaming waters of the hot springs feeding the sink hole.<br />
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The site has been excavated since 1974, and it was Dr. Larry Agenbroad and his remarkable team who undoubtedly put this paleontological gem firmly on the map. Larry always greeted my team and I with a big smile that was only matched by his splendid hospitality. Each year he would ask us "<i>How is the lizard-digging coming along</i>", as he knew my team and I were excavating dinosaurs in the north of the State. So, it is with a heavy heart that I relay some very sad news. I have just learnt that Larry died on October 31st of this year. He will be missed by all who knew him, but also by future generations who did not get the opportunity to meet this remarkable scientist, splendid human being and kind friend. His volunteer scheme at the Mammoth site has spawned many career scientists, generating a legacy that has touched the lives of countless people. Larry was a wonderful man with a heart as big as the mammoths that he choose to study.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr. Larry Agenbroad (1933-2014)</td></tr>
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<br />Phil Manninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01197174641837429061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3308817265667617094.post-44995557138540628332014-10-17T15:33:00.001+01:002014-10-17T17:30:37.978+01:00Reaching new heights....<br />
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One of the most enjoyable tasks as an academic is getting to do exciting research with a splendid cohort of postgraduate students. I am lucky enough to serve on the PhD committee of Brandon Hedrick (below) at the University of Pennsylvania. His determined work ethic and copious outputs makes me feel tired sometimes. His latest paper, published in the <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmor.20329/abstract" target="_blank">Journal of Morphology</a>, </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Brandon Hedrick: plastering dinosaur bones in the Hell Creek Fm., South Dakota, USA.</td></tr>
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Brandon has taken a geometric morphometric approach that allows us to track trends within major skeletal elements that are pivotal in tracking the evolution of flight from maniraptoran to avian theropods….aka, birds! Brandon has mapped, scanned and measured a vast number of beasties that has additionally allowed comparison between the trends in each of the skeletal elements studied. This is a powerful quantitative tool that will enable a better understanding of the intricate routes and subtle trends that gave rise to flight in birds from dinosaurs. A rather curious insight from this study was that the limbs of birds did not significantly diverge in terms of morphospace from those of their dinosaurian cousins…until after the K/Pg extinction event….so the many studies that have previously used large datasets of extant species have ‘overwhelmed’ the subtle trends that this study has carefully mapped at the beginning of this volant story.</div>
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Phil Manninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01197174641837429061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3308817265667617094.post-30396452540339433842014-09-24T13:58:00.000+01:002014-09-24T13:58:11.253+01:00ICAL......the web site launch!For those interested in our interdisciplinary research, please take a look at our new <a href="http://www.ical.manchester.ac.uk/" target="_blank">ICAL</a> website!<br />
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<br />Phil Manninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01197174641837429061noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3308817265667617094.post-7556073528158066592014-09-05T17:47:00.000+01:002014-09-05T17:47:01.816+01:00When a picture says it all!Happy University of Manchester students clearly impressed by Devils Tower, Wyoming (USA).<br />
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<br />Phil Manninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01197174641837429061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3308817265667617094.post-139864156676549982014-08-23T21:03:00.001+01:002014-08-23T21:03:55.942+01:00Bowman Museum rocks!The <a href="http://www.ptrm.org/" target="_blank">Pioneer Trails Museum </a> is quite splendid! We drove over to Bowman to avoid the weather that has been downing the prairie. We were lucky enough to bump into Dean Pearson, curator of the museum, who kindly took all our students through the collections....allowing two students to collect crucial data for their undergraduate and MEarthSci projects. Thankfully the rain has started to abate and the sky begin to clear....all we need now is a bright day or two!Phil Manninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01197174641837429061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3308817265667617094.post-5581622378539025812014-08-23T15:42:00.003+01:002014-08-23T15:42:37.750+01:00Floods and tornadoes stops dinosaur play....'<i>If you don't like the weather, just wait five minutes'</i>, this was the advice a kind local offered. We received at least 2 inches of rain last night and the pessimistic prophets of the Weather Channel were boiling-up another storm that included 'small tornadoes'.....whether they be small or large, a tornado demands our attention. The weather system is sat slap bang on top of us and is not moving for the next 24 hours.<br />
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We simply cannot go back to the Badlands today. A brief foray into the field late yesterday bore fantastic fruits, but venturing into the field today with the inclement weather would be folly. The dry 'pop-corn' surface of the Badlands turns into a slippery quagmire in such weather and your feet into huge balls of mud that indiscriminately collect bone....not very helpful.<br />
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All we can do is wait-out the storm. At least we managed to extract a mummified dinosaur last week.....Phil Manninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01197174641837429061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3308817265667617094.post-14166659511464481462014-08-17T07:15:00.001+01:002014-08-17T07:15:52.476+01:00The Sky is soooo big!We just drove the 8+ hours from South Dakota to our first field site in Montana....the second we passed over the state boundary from Wyoming...the sky expanded into an impossibly vast patchwork of striking blue and soft cotton wool clouds. Mellow shadows cast from the dappled sky chased each other across the rolling prairie, occasionally disappearing into dark ravines of the carved and contoured Badlands. As we neared the end of our drive, the Sun gently sunk below the distant horizon, yielding a brilliant palette of colour that painted the end of a perfect day....tomorrow we hunt dinosaur!Phil Manninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01197174641837429061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3308817265667617094.post-67699022564571557522014-08-15T01:11:00.002+01:002014-08-15T01:11:28.089+01:00Sleepy in the Windy City....Once again it is past 1am GMT, but we are still waiting for our next flight....leaving at 8pm Central Time Zone (USA) from Chicago O'Hare...an airport that seems to be the size of a small city.<br />
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By the time we arrive in Rapid City (South Dakota) it will be time for our body-clocks to wake-up again....but I have no doubt that sleep will come easily later today...or is it tomorrow?<br />
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Slowly playing catch-up with email again, in-between bouts of zero wifi in the air. Trying to edit my way through paperwork, before I arrive in the field.<br />
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For anyone who has ever been to Chicago...at this moment...Goose Island is very looking attractive!<br />
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<br />Phil Manninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01197174641837429061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3308817265667617094.post-62179885146286501282014-08-14T01:02:00.000+01:002014-08-14T01:02:25.400+01:00Once more into the field...Its 1am GMT. Just finished packing my field equipment. Tomorrow my team and I take the annual 4300 mile hop over the Atlantic to explore a spectacular landscape that gets its spine from the Hell Creek Formation. I have to be up and functioning in less than 5 hours...so forgive the brief blog!<br />
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This year our team will number 20 eager field assistants. All looking to tease some prehistoric morsels from the Badlands...all ultimately bound for the American Museum of Natural History in New York City.<br />
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My apologies for those who could not be accommodated on years expedition...we simply ran out of space....hard to do in the middle of nowhere, but we managed!Phil Manninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01197174641837429061noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3308817265667617094.post-77370206596748023282014-07-27T17:52:00.004+01:002014-07-27T17:52:51.028+01:00Gorgo arrives in Manchester!15,000...is the record number of visitors who attended the Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition this year...if I was being honest, I would say it felt like more! When the <i>Gorgosaurus</i> finally left the Royal Society buildings...we were all exhausted, but happy to have taken part in this splendid annual event.<br />
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We have now installed the Gorgo at the Manchester Museum (above), in their main entrance lobby...you cannot miss her when you enter the building! We spent 2 hours balancing on scaffolds and ladders to install the said beastie on its new 'perch'. It will stay at the <a href="http://www.museum.manchester.ac.uk/" target="_blank">Manchester Museum</a> till December, before we tour here around the UK to tell as many folks as possible about our research.<br />
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Her recent visitors include a rather splendid dino-costumed chap who put the frights on some of our Museum visitors...and drove one child running into the museum shop screaming...maybe a little too real for a 3 year old? I still prefer the mounted skeleton towering about the rubber-oh-saurus!<br />
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I also had a new book published last week ('<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Dinosaur-Wars-Phil-Manning/dp/178325047X" target="_blank">Dinosaur Wars'</a>), so again I used the Gorgo as a suitable backdrop (above)...as the book explores the relationship between predator/prey in the Age of the Dinosaurs...hopefully a few more 7-11 year olds will be hocked on dinosaurs if they read this book!<br />
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<br />Phil Manninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01197174641837429061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3308817265667617094.post-80561566228360454442014-06-29T18:00:00.000+01:002014-06-29T18:00:07.037+01:00Dino-Day at the Royal Society....<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Phil Manninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01197174641837429061noreply@blogger.com0